<![CDATA[انجمن بهداشت حرفه ای ایران - ergonomics and human factors]]> https://www.occupationalhealth.ir/ Sun, 31 May 2026 20:39:09 +0000 MyBB <![CDATA[The Causes of Musculoskeletal Disorders]]> https://www.occupationalhealth.ir/thread-3110.html Tue, 25 Sep 2018 16:33:13 +0330 https://www.occupationalhealth.ir/thread-3110.html Lesson 1 – Understanding Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs
Did you know that MSDs are the leading cause of pain, suffering and disability in the American workplace today? It’s true. And it’s unfortunate because MSDs are preventable. The truly unfortunate part about it is that a simple change in philosophy would empower organizations to prevent nearly ALL MSDs.

Go to Lesson 1

Lesson 2 – The Causes of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs
The only way to prevent something is to know what caused it, understand what caused it and then systematically eliminate those causes.

Go to Lesson 2

Lesson 3 – How to Prevent Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs
There is no magic bullet, pixie dust, or super-magical pill you can swallow to prevent the MSDs in your workplace. There is no easy solution, in other words. Only the hard work of implementing a comprehensive MSD prevention process that reduces or eliminates all causative risk factors.

Go to Lesson 3

Lesson 4 – Ergonomics Improvement Project Case Study
Sometimes the best way to learn something is to see an example. And that’s what we have for you in this lesson. Today we’re going to walk you through an ergonomics improvement project step-by-step so you can see with your own eyes the impact a proactive ergonomics process can have for your organization.

Go to Lesson 4

Lesson 5 – A Proactive Healthcare Success Story
MSDs form over long period of time. This is great news! It means that workplace athletes begin to experience early warning signs long before an MSD develops. It also means that the next few years of MSDs are in development right now, presenting you with a huge prevention opportunity.

Go to Lesson 5

Lesson 6 – The Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD) Prevention Process That Works
There’s an easy way to throw the ergonomics and OHS community into a frenzy. Just ask a simple question: “What’s the one thing you should be doing to prevent MSDs? Go!” The shouting will begin. “Ergonomic assessments!” “Pre-shift stretching and warm-up!” “Job rotation!” “Work hardening/conditioning!” “Early intervention!” “Ergonomics training!” Then someone will sling an unnecessary insult or throw the first punch, and it’s all downhill from there…

Go to Lesson 6

Lesson 7 – What Are Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) Costing You
MSDs are the leading cause of pain, suffering and disability in American workplaces. They account for about one-third of all worker’s compensation costs, and also cost organizations hours of lost productivity, costly legal fees, tedious administrative time, and a damaged safety culture.

Go to Lesson 7

Lesson 8 – Are You Ready for the Next Level in Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD) Prevention?
If there is one takeaway from this final lesson, it’s this: we’ve talked a lot about preventing MSDs, but now you have to go take action. Think prevention and keep your focus on reducing MSD risk factors. If you do this consistently (and relentlessly) over the course of a long period of time, you will prevent MSDs and make a major difference for your organization.

Go to Lesson 8
]]> Lesson 1 – Understanding Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs
Did you know that MSDs are the leading cause of pain, suffering and disability in the American workplace today? It’s true. And it’s unfortunate because MSDs are preventable. The truly unfortunate part about it is that a simple change in philosophy would empower organizations to prevent nearly ALL MSDs.

Go to Lesson 1

Lesson 2 – The Causes of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs
The only way to prevent something is to know what caused it, understand what caused it and then systematically eliminate those causes.

Go to Lesson 2

Lesson 3 – How to Prevent Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs
There is no magic bullet, pixie dust, or super-magical pill you can swallow to prevent the MSDs in your workplace. There is no easy solution, in other words. Only the hard work of implementing a comprehensive MSD prevention process that reduces or eliminates all causative risk factors.

Go to Lesson 3

Lesson 4 – Ergonomics Improvement Project Case Study
Sometimes the best way to learn something is to see an example. And that’s what we have for you in this lesson. Today we’re going to walk you through an ergonomics improvement project step-by-step so you can see with your own eyes the impact a proactive ergonomics process can have for your organization.

Go to Lesson 4

Lesson 5 – A Proactive Healthcare Success Story
MSDs form over long period of time. This is great news! It means that workplace athletes begin to experience early warning signs long before an MSD develops. It also means that the next few years of MSDs are in development right now, presenting you with a huge prevention opportunity.

Go to Lesson 5

Lesson 6 – The Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD) Prevention Process That Works
There’s an easy way to throw the ergonomics and OHS community into a frenzy. Just ask a simple question: “What’s the one thing you should be doing to prevent MSDs? Go!” The shouting will begin. “Ergonomic assessments!” “Pre-shift stretching and warm-up!” “Job rotation!” “Work hardening/conditioning!” “Early intervention!” “Ergonomics training!” Then someone will sling an unnecessary insult or throw the first punch, and it’s all downhill from there…

Go to Lesson 6

Lesson 7 – What Are Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) Costing You
MSDs are the leading cause of pain, suffering and disability in American workplaces. They account for about one-third of all worker’s compensation costs, and also cost organizations hours of lost productivity, costly legal fees, tedious administrative time, and a damaged safety culture.

Go to Lesson 7

Lesson 8 – Are You Ready for the Next Level in Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD) Prevention?
If there is one takeaway from this final lesson, it’s this: we’ve talked a lot about preventing MSDs, but now you have to go take action. Think prevention and keep your focus on reducing MSD risk factors. If you do this consistently (and relentlessly) over the course of a long period of time, you will prevent MSDs and make a major difference for your organization.

Go to Lesson 8
]]> <![CDATA[Single- and Dual-Monitor Computer Setup: Ergonomic Tips]]> https://www.occupationalhealth.ir/thread-3108.html Mon, 24 Sep 2018 21:39:40 +0330 https://www.occupationalhealth.ir/thread-3108.html Single- and Dual-Monitor Computer Setup: Ergonomic Tips

Everything about your computer setup – from the environment, chair, desk, mouse, keyboard and other items – should be designed and positioned based on the tasks you perform and your specific body measurements and personal factors

By Marc Christian, Brandy Ware, Anand Subramanian and Jeffrey Fernandez | Apr 01, 2016

For many of us, our occupations almost entirely rely on the use of computers. Even though computers have provided great benefits to the workplace, they present ergonomic challenges

Here are some ergonomic tips for the setup and use of single- and dual- monitor computer workstations. Remember that in ergonomics, the objective is to fit the task to the worker and not the other way around

Single-Monitor Setup
OSHA has developed the Computer Workstations eTool to provide a quick fix for computer workstations with a single monitor. OSHA's suggestions regarding monitor use target some of the most common ergonomic issues, helping to reduce the likelihood of injury to the neck.

Positioning the monitor – Depth and height of the monitor probably are the most commonly misunderstood variables. Although the recommendations have not changed to incorporate thin monitors, the use of thin monitors allows for more flexibility and ease of adjustment. To properly position a monitor, you should:

Place the monitor directly in front of you.
Ensure the monitor is at arm's length from you (18-28 inches).
Position the top useable line of the monitor at a height where your neck is straight.
Place the monitor at eye height for people who do not wear glasses or contacts or those who have single prescription lenses, and below eye height for people who wear bi-focals, tri-focals or progressive lenses.
The purpose of these suggestions is to keep your neck in a neutral posture, reduce eye strain and maintain good visibility. This especially is important when you spend many hours each day looking at your computer screen.

Duration of use – Many hours (or even all day) spent looking at a computer monitor can take a toll on both your body and your productivity. These long periods of monitor use have the potential to cause eyestrain, which can lead to irritation, itchiness and headaches. The reason for this is that looking at a screen means your eyes maintain a constant depth of focus. To alleviate this issue

Look away from your monitor every 20 minutes
Focus on something at least 20 feet away
Do this for at least 20 seconds

OSHA calls this the 20/20/20 rule, for obvious reasons. The purpose of this exercise is to change the focus of your eyes, allowing the muscles in your eyes to relax and change from the otherwise constant focus

Dual-Monitor Setup
The use of a dual-monitor computer workstation is becoming more popular in offices, as the computer becomes a more central feature of our workplace and paper documents primarily are transitioning to electronic media. Advice concerning the ergonomics of a dual-monitor workstation can be confusing
 
As with a single-monitor workstation, the focus of ergonomic advice is on maintaining a neutral neck posture. This can present challenges when you are trying to look at another monitor, or switching frequently between monitors

The proper setup of a dual-monitor computer workstation will depend on three factors

The percentage of use for each monitor
The type of work being performed; and
Your dominant eye
Before reading the following recommendations, think about how you use each of your monitors. Try to assess a percentage of usage and the type of work performed on each monitor. Do you use one monitor more than the other? Is one primarily used for data entry? Is one used primarily to reference documents

Both monitors used equally (50 percent) – The first case to consider is when the monitors equally are used. In this situation, it is inevitable that some form of fairly frequent movement will have to occur to change between monitors. Ergonomic recommendations in this situation will be aimed at reducing the size of those movements

Position both screens as close as possible in front of you so that their inner edges are touching and are exactly in front of your nose

Angle the screens so that they are slightly concave, creating a semi-circle around you. This will ensure a consistent focal distance between you and the monitors
When facing the monitors, you should be at an arm's length away from them (18-28 inches
The top of both screens should be positioned so that your neck is straight (see previous section

When working for long periods of time on one monitor, use a swivel chair to physically turn to face that monitor, thus avoiding neck twisting. You should also re-orient your keyboard and mouse so that they are directly in front of the same monitor for the time period you are performing the single-monitor work
Apply the 20/20/20 rule to minimize fatigue
The purpose of these recommendations is to implement the “standard” monitor setup (as described earlier), but in a dual-monitor situation. When changing views between both monitors, the movements away from “neutral” are minimized

One monitor is the primary (>80 percent) – In this situation, we try to emphasize proper placement of the primary monitor (the one being used the most) as if it were a single-monitor workstation. The secondary monitor is placed beside the primary monitor on the side of the dominant eye at the same height and distance (concave around you). For the primary monitor, follow the steps described earlier for single-monitor setup. For the secondary monitor, place it on the side of your dominant eye


To determine your dominant eye, perform the following steps
With your thumbs and index fingers at right angles, touch your index finger and thumbs together with your arms fully extended in front of you, making a diamond shape that you can look through. Alternatively, use a small tube like a toilet paper roll

Pick a light switch on the wall, sprinkler on the ceiling or some small object about 20 feet away from you

Focus on that object while looking through the diamond between your hands, with your arms fully extended in front of you
Alternately close one eye and then the other
You should see the object disappear when one of your eyes is closed
Your dominant eye is the one with which you can see the object through the diamond
While turned toward the secondary monitor, apply all the same principles as described earlier (e.g., facing it directly, arm's length away and align with eye height
Apply the 20/20/20 rule in the same fashion

Most people with dual monitors lie along the spectrum between 50/50 use and 80/20 use. In those cases, the split of the monitors should be placed along an arc between right in the middle (as in the 50/50 use) and all the way to the side of the dominant eye (such as in the 80/20 use). The more the primary monitor is used, the closer to directly in front of you the split should be

Jeffrey Fernandez, Ph.D., PE, CPE, is the managing principal at JFAssociates Inc., based in the Washington, D.C. area. He is a member of the EHS Today Editorial Advisory Board. Brandy Farris Ware, Ph.D., CPE, CSSBB, is an associate principal and technical director at JFAssociates Inc., based in the Phoenix area. Anand Subramanian, Ph.D., CPE, CSSBB, is an associate principal and office director at JFAssociates Inc., based in the Washington, D.C. area. Marc Christian, Ph.D., AEP, CSSBB, is an industrial engineer at JFAssociates Inc., based in the Washington, D.C. area]]> Single- and Dual-Monitor Computer Setup: Ergonomic Tips

Everything about your computer setup – from the environment, chair, desk, mouse, keyboard and other items – should be designed and positioned based on the tasks you perform and your specific body measurements and personal factors

By Marc Christian, Brandy Ware, Anand Subramanian and Jeffrey Fernandez | Apr 01, 2016

For many of us, our occupations almost entirely rely on the use of computers. Even though computers have provided great benefits to the workplace, they present ergonomic challenges

Here are some ergonomic tips for the setup and use of single- and dual- monitor computer workstations. Remember that in ergonomics, the objective is to fit the task to the worker and not the other way around

Single-Monitor Setup
OSHA has developed the Computer Workstations eTool to provide a quick fix for computer workstations with a single monitor. OSHA's suggestions regarding monitor use target some of the most common ergonomic issues, helping to reduce the likelihood of injury to the neck.

Positioning the monitor – Depth and height of the monitor probably are the most commonly misunderstood variables. Although the recommendations have not changed to incorporate thin monitors, the use of thin monitors allows for more flexibility and ease of adjustment. To properly position a monitor, you should:

Place the monitor directly in front of you.
Ensure the monitor is at arm's length from you (18-28 inches).
Position the top useable line of the monitor at a height where your neck is straight.
Place the monitor at eye height for people who do not wear glasses or contacts or those who have single prescription lenses, and below eye height for people who wear bi-focals, tri-focals or progressive lenses.
The purpose of these suggestions is to keep your neck in a neutral posture, reduce eye strain and maintain good visibility. This especially is important when you spend many hours each day looking at your computer screen.

Duration of use – Many hours (or even all day) spent looking at a computer monitor can take a toll on both your body and your productivity. These long periods of monitor use have the potential to cause eyestrain, which can lead to irritation, itchiness and headaches. The reason for this is that looking at a screen means your eyes maintain a constant depth of focus. To alleviate this issue

Look away from your monitor every 20 minutes
Focus on something at least 20 feet away
Do this for at least 20 seconds

OSHA calls this the 20/20/20 rule, for obvious reasons. The purpose of this exercise is to change the focus of your eyes, allowing the muscles in your eyes to relax and change from the otherwise constant focus

Dual-Monitor Setup
The use of a dual-monitor computer workstation is becoming more popular in offices, as the computer becomes a more central feature of our workplace and paper documents primarily are transitioning to electronic media. Advice concerning the ergonomics of a dual-monitor workstation can be confusing
 
As with a single-monitor workstation, the focus of ergonomic advice is on maintaining a neutral neck posture. This can present challenges when you are trying to look at another monitor, or switching frequently between monitors

The proper setup of a dual-monitor computer workstation will depend on three factors

The percentage of use for each monitor
The type of work being performed; and
Your dominant eye
Before reading the following recommendations, think about how you use each of your monitors. Try to assess a percentage of usage and the type of work performed on each monitor. Do you use one monitor more than the other? Is one primarily used for data entry? Is one used primarily to reference documents

Both monitors used equally (50 percent) – The first case to consider is when the monitors equally are used. In this situation, it is inevitable that some form of fairly frequent movement will have to occur to change between monitors. Ergonomic recommendations in this situation will be aimed at reducing the size of those movements

Position both screens as close as possible in front of you so that their inner edges are touching and are exactly in front of your nose

Angle the screens so that they are slightly concave, creating a semi-circle around you. This will ensure a consistent focal distance between you and the monitors
When facing the monitors, you should be at an arm's length away from them (18-28 inches
The top of both screens should be positioned so that your neck is straight (see previous section

When working for long periods of time on one monitor, use a swivel chair to physically turn to face that monitor, thus avoiding neck twisting. You should also re-orient your keyboard and mouse so that they are directly in front of the same monitor for the time period you are performing the single-monitor work
Apply the 20/20/20 rule to minimize fatigue
The purpose of these recommendations is to implement the “standard” monitor setup (as described earlier), but in a dual-monitor situation. When changing views between both monitors, the movements away from “neutral” are minimized

One monitor is the primary (>80 percent) – In this situation, we try to emphasize proper placement of the primary monitor (the one being used the most) as if it were a single-monitor workstation. The secondary monitor is placed beside the primary monitor on the side of the dominant eye at the same height and distance (concave around you). For the primary monitor, follow the steps described earlier for single-monitor setup. For the secondary monitor, place it on the side of your dominant eye


To determine your dominant eye, perform the following steps
With your thumbs and index fingers at right angles, touch your index finger and thumbs together with your arms fully extended in front of you, making a diamond shape that you can look through. Alternatively, use a small tube like a toilet paper roll

Pick a light switch on the wall, sprinkler on the ceiling or some small object about 20 feet away from you

Focus on that object while looking through the diamond between your hands, with your arms fully extended in front of you
Alternately close one eye and then the other
You should see the object disappear when one of your eyes is closed
Your dominant eye is the one with which you can see the object through the diamond
While turned toward the secondary monitor, apply all the same principles as described earlier (e.g., facing it directly, arm's length away and align with eye height
Apply the 20/20/20 rule in the same fashion

Most people with dual monitors lie along the spectrum between 50/50 use and 80/20 use. In those cases, the split of the monitors should be placed along an arc between right in the middle (as in the 50/50 use) and all the way to the side of the dominant eye (such as in the 80/20 use). The more the primary monitor is used, the closer to directly in front of you the split should be

Jeffrey Fernandez, Ph.D., PE, CPE, is the managing principal at JFAssociates Inc., based in the Washington, D.C. area. He is a member of the EHS Today Editorial Advisory Board. Brandy Farris Ware, Ph.D., CPE, CSSBB, is an associate principal and technical director at JFAssociates Inc., based in the Phoenix area. Anand Subramanian, Ph.D., CPE, CSSBB, is an associate principal and office director at JFAssociates Inc., based in the Washington, D.C. area. Marc Christian, Ph.D., AEP, CSSBB, is an industrial engineer at JFAssociates Inc., based in the Washington, D.C. area]]> <![CDATA[ERGONOMICS TRAINING PART 2]]> https://www.occupationalhealth.ir/thread-3035.html Sat, 25 Aug 2018 01:01:04 +0430 https://www.occupationalhealth.ir/thread-3035.html ERGONOMICS TRAINING PART 2
Goals
PART I - LEARNED HOW TO
—Understand the need for ergonomics
—Recognize ergonomic risk factors
—Appreciate the value of ergonomic programs
NOW, LEARN HOW TO
—Implement a successful Ergonomics Program
—Injury data analysis
—Ergonomic workplace analysis
—Engagement of  employees
—Workstation design
—Cost-benefit analysis
?Where do you start
—STEP 1: Review injury history
—STEP 2: Evaluate workplace
—STEP 3: Implement improvements
—STEP 4: Engage employees
—STEP 5: Re-evaluate, measure improvements
File Type: PPT
Number of slides:104

.ppt   ERGONOMICS TRAINING PART 2.ppt (اندازه 5.25 MB / تعداد دانلود: 21)

منابع مورد استفاده:OSHA
]]> ERGONOMICS TRAINING PART 2
Goals
PART I - LEARNED HOW TO
—Understand the need for ergonomics
—Recognize ergonomic risk factors
—Appreciate the value of ergonomic programs
NOW, LEARN HOW TO
—Implement a successful Ergonomics Program
—Injury data analysis
—Ergonomic workplace analysis
—Engagement of  employees
—Workstation design
—Cost-benefit analysis
?Where do you start
—STEP 1: Review injury history
—STEP 2: Evaluate workplace
—STEP 3: Implement improvements
—STEP 4: Engage employees
—STEP 5: Re-evaluate, measure improvements
File Type: PPT
Number of slides:104

.ppt   ERGONOMICS TRAINING PART 2.ppt (اندازه 5.25 MB / تعداد دانلود: 21)

منابع مورد استفاده:OSHA
]]> <![CDATA[Assessment of Repetitive Tasks of the upper limbs; the ART tool]]> https://www.occupationalhealth.ir/thread-3034.html Sat, 25 Aug 2018 00:28:00 +0430 https://www.occupationalhealth.ir/thread-3034.html ART
 Assessment of Repetitive Tasks of the upper limbs; the ART tool
The assessment is split into four stages 
Stage A: Frequency and repetition of movements
Stage B: Force
Stage C: Awkward postures
Stage D: Additional factors

Ph.D by Research Student, Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of  Health, at SUMS Iran

File type:PPT
number of slide:28

.ppt   Assessment of Repetitive Tasks of the upper limbs.ppt (اندازه 3.1 MB / تعداد دانلود: 14)
]]> ART
 Assessment of Repetitive Tasks of the upper limbs; the ART tool
The assessment is split into four stages 
Stage A: Frequency and repetition of movements
Stage B: Force
Stage C: Awkward postures
Stage D: Additional factors

Ph.D by Research Student, Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of  Health, at SUMS Iran

File type:PPT
number of slide:28

.ppt   Assessment of Repetitive Tasks of the upper limbs.ppt (اندازه 3.1 MB / تعداد دانلود: 14)
]]> <![CDATA[A Step-by-Step Guide to the RULA]]> https://www.occupationalhealth.ir/thread-2819.html Sun, 10 Jun 2018 04:07:49 +0430 https://www.occupationalhealth.ir/thread-2819.html Rapid Upper Limb Assessment  A Step-by-Step Guide to the RULA
The RULA Assessment Tool was developed to evaluate the exposure of individual workers to ergonomic risk factors associated with upper extremity MSD. The RULA ergonomic assessment tool considers biomechanical and postural load requirements of job tasks/demands on the neck, trunk and upper extremities

File type:PDF
number of pages:12


.pdf   RULA-A-Step-by-Step-Guide.pdf (اندازه 1.77 MB / تعداد دانلود: 39)
]]> Rapid Upper Limb Assessment  A Step-by-Step Guide to the RULA
The RULA Assessment Tool was developed to evaluate the exposure of individual workers to ergonomic risk factors associated with upper extremity MSD. The RULA ergonomic assessment tool considers biomechanical and postural load requirements of job tasks/demands on the neck, trunk and upper extremities

File type:PDF
number of pages:12


.pdf   RULA-A-Step-by-Step-Guide.pdf (اندازه 1.77 MB / تعداد دانلود: 39)
]]>